Oncology

Oncology

Each year 6-7 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed and 4-5 million patients die exclusively of some type of cancer worldwide1.

It is estimated that of all cases of malignancy diagnosed worldwide, 3-5 million patients suffer from chronic cancer pain1. Paroxysmal cancer pain represents a stage of worsening of the underlying pain, with rapid onset and limited duration (less than 45 minutes) in opioid-treated patients. This pain may be due to the neoplastic disease itself, other co-morbidities or the medication used for its treatment2.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are among the most important, common and dreadful side effects of chemotherapy3-5.

Appropriate management and prevention of CINV is essential for minimizing the impact on the patient quality of life, improving clinical outcomes and compliance and reducing the burden on the healthcare system6-7.

Chemotherapy is based on drugs that are capable of killing cancer cells, preventing them from spreading and making metastases.

There are currently at least 80 different types of chemotherapeutic drugs that are also sometimes called anti-cancer drugs. Each type of chemotherapeutic drug has its own mode of action.

Generally, they kill cancer cells or interfere with their growth and proliferation mechanisms.

Chemotherapeutic drugs can be used either alone or in combination with each other. The chemotherapy to be used depends on the type of cancer to be treated and the extension it has taken in the body both locally and at the level of metastases.

The above is intended for general public information and cannot replace the advice of a physician or other competent healthcare professional.

1. Davis MWD. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine 2004; 21 (2): 137- 142.
2. Portenoy RK et al. Pain. 2010 Dec;151 (3): 617-24. ePub 2010 Aug 25.
3. Cohen L et al. Support Care Cancer2007; 15: 497-503.
4. Shih Y-CT et al. Cancer 2007; 110: 678-685.
5. Naeim A et al. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3903-3910.
6. Aapro M et al. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 1986-1992.
7. Dunnington H et al. J Cancer Ther 2012; 3: 1159-1163.

Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology

The digestive system, which starts from the oral cavity and ends up in the rectum, has as primary function the effective digestion and absorption as well as the elimination of the non-digestible food and waste products of the metabolism.

Numerous diseases involve the digestive system, which require support to improve symptoms, avoid further health problems, maintain good nutritional status, avoid nutritional deficiencies and improve patients’ quality of life.


  1. OIC (Opioid-Induced Constipation)

    OIC (Opioid Induced Constipation) is considered to be a common adverse reaction associated with the administration of opioids for the treatment of pain, which is usually moderate to severe and is associated with cancer or other chronic non-oncological diseases1.


  2. Anal fissure

    An anal fissure is a tear in the inner anal sphincter tissue. It affects people irrespective of their age and gender, while approximately 50% of people aged 20 to 50 years have experienced symptoms of anal fissures at least once in their life. The prevalence of anal fissures in women increases during pregnancy. Hard stools, long-term diarrhea and constipation, which affect the blood flow in the anal area, may cause anal fissures in adults5.


The above is intended for general public information and cannot replace the advice of a physician or other competent healthcare professional.

1. Panchal SJ et al. Int J Clin Pract. 2007; 61: 1181-7.
2. Golembiewski J et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62: 1247-60.
3. Muchatuta NA et al. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5: 21-34.
4. Apfel CC et al. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 693-700.
5. Masoumeh S et al. Electronic Physician (ISSN: 2008-5842) http://www.ephysician.ir October 2016, Volume: 8, Issue: 10, Pages: 3035-3041

Urology

Urology

Male hypogonadism is characterized by low levels of serum testosterone and is associated with symptoms such as fatigue, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, difficulty in concentrating, sleep disorders and weight loss or weight gain. The prevalence of male hypogonadism is reported to be 37% in the US and frequency rises with age 1.

The above is intended for general public information and cannot replace the advice of a physician or other competent healthcare professional.

1.  Amr EL M et al. Arab Journal of Urology (2018) 16, 140–147

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